Survival Of The Sickest Essay Example

Survival Of The Sickest Essay Example Survival Of The Sickest Essay Survival Of The Sickest Essay For this assignment, several questions will require answers to be a paragraph or n,vow. A typical paragraph consists of 45 sentences. If you do quality work you will probably w rite MORE than two paragraphs for a number of your responses. 5. Be sure to use the spell check function before submitting your assignment. Have someone else proofread your answers to make sure they make sense. 5. Another key skill you will need is to SE evidence to support what you claim. In science, your opinion holds very little weight, you must provide evidence to support whatever ere claim you make in response to a question. This does not mean copy something from the book wormwood. Whenever you cite specific evidence or facts from the book that you did not already know w, I want you to reference the page number from where you pulled that information in parentheses. EVE RYE answer will require you to make at least one or two citations. For example, might make the follow ins claim from the book, thus will reference the page number as follows: In the 1 sass people with humidifications were more likely to survive and r produce because of their remonstrated macrophages. This means people with the mutation for hem chromatics were more likely to pass on the defective gene to their children. So generation after generation, more and more people had the gene for humidifications and possibly explains why the plague died out by 1350. (p. 5) Notice did not copy this information wormwood, but paraphrased it and p t it into my own words. You have been assigned Chapter 1 of the book Survival of the Sickest. Type your answers under each Of the questions asked below: Chapter 1 Ironing it Out Read pages 122 1 . Define homeomorphisms and explain what conditions it can lead to. homeomorphisms.

Free Essays on Spanish Inquisition3

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE INQUISITION After the Roman Church had consolidated its power in the early Middle Ages, heretics came to be regarded as enemies of society. The crime of heresy was defined as a deliberate denial of an article of truth of the Catholic faith, and a public and obst inate persistence in that alleged error. At this time, there was a sense of Christian unity among townspeople and rulers alike, and most of them agreed with the Church that heretics seemed to threated society itself. However, the repression of heresy remained unorganized, and with the large scale heresies in the 11th and 12th centuries, Pope Gregory IX instituted the papal inquisition in 1231 for the apprehension and trial of heretics. The name Inquisition is der ived from the Latin verb inquiro (inquire into). The Inquisitiors did not wait for complaints, but sought out persons accused of heresy. Although the Inquisition was created to combat the heretical Cathari and Waldenses, the Inquisition later extended i ts activity to include witches, diviners, blasphemers, and other sacrilegious persons. Another reason for Pope Gregory IX's creation of the Inquisition was to bring order and legality to the process of dealing with heresy, since there had been tendencies in the mobs of townspeople to burn alleged heretics without much of a trial. Pope Gregory's original intent for the Inquisition was a court of exception to inquire into and glean the beliefs of those differing from Catholic teaching, and to instruct them in the orthodox doctrine. It was hoped that heretics would see the falsity of the ir opinion and would return to the Roman Catholic Church. If they persisted in their heresy, however, Pope Gregory, finding it necessary to protect the Catholic community from infection would have suspects handed over to civil authorities since these her etics had violated not only Church law but civil law as well. The secular authorities would apply t... Free Essays on Spanish Inquisition3 Free Essays on Spanish Inquisition3 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE INQUISITION After the Roman Church had consolidated its power in the early Middle Ages, heretics came to be regarded as enemies of society. The crime of heresy was defined as a deliberate denial of an article of truth of the Catholic faith, and a public and obst inate persistence in that alleged error. At this time, there was a sense of Christian unity among townspeople and rulers alike, and most of them agreed with the Church that heretics seemed to threated society itself. However, the repression of heresy remained unorganized, and with the large scale heresies in the 11th and 12th centuries, Pope Gregory IX instituted the papal inquisition in 1231 for the apprehension and trial of heretics. The name Inquisition is der ived from the Latin verb inquiro (inquire into). The Inquisitiors did not wait for complaints, but sought out persons accused of heresy. Although the Inquisition was created to combat the heretical Cathari and Waldenses, the Inquisition later extended i ts activity to include witches, diviners, blasphemers, and other sacrilegious persons. Another reason for Pope Gregory IX's creation of the Inquisition was to bring order and legality to the process of dealing with heresy, since there had been tendencies in the mobs of townspeople to burn alleged heretics without much of a trial. Pope Gregory's original intent for the Inquisition was a court of exception to inquire into and glean the beliefs of those differing from Catholic teaching, and to instruct them in the orthodox doctrine. It was hoped that heretics would see the falsity of the ir opinion and would return to the Roman Catholic Church. If they persisted in their heresy, however, Pope Gregory, finding it necessary to protect the Catholic community from infection would have suspects handed over to civil authorities since these her etics had violated not only Church law but civil law as well. The secular authorities would apply t...

Plurilingualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Plurilingualism - Essay Example As per the council records, German Language is the most widely spoken mother tongue while English, French, and Italian follow in this order. English is the most spoken foreign language with French and German following it. About 56% of european union citizens can hold a conversation in one language apart from their mother tongue. (Eurobarometer 243) Since the setting up of EU, there has been more close relationships between member countries in all the spheres such a economic, trade, education etc. The different cultures and languages in different countries is causing problems in day-to-day routine functioning as people are unable to freely disuss issues. This has necessitated the need for people who are able to understand more than one language. Plurilingualism, therefore can also be defined as the wide range of attempts to stabilize multilingual societies by fostering high levels of individual plurilingual competence. This approach places focus on Language teaching and learning, This also encompasses all categories of linguistic rights, legislation, policies, that affect the relationships between different communities. In this context, the Council of Europe, which closely monitors the linguistic and cultural environment in the continent, is now focusing on the language teaching and learning process. It has decided to encourage the concept of plurilingualism such that people of European union are able to freely mingle with each other. This basically is not only the need to converse in more than one language but the need to understand and appreciate cultures or ideas different from one's own. It now becomes a much broader concept dealing with the understanding of different cultures and languages. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, drawn up by Language Policy Division of the Council of Europe is a document that sets out to popularize plurilingualism. (Council of Europe, 1996) The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, or CEFR, was put together by the Council of Europe as the main part of the project "Language Learning for European Citizenship" between 1989 and 1996. It is aimed to provide a method of assessing and teaching which applies to all languages in Europe. Thus because of plurilingualism, an individual person's experience of language in its cultural contexts expands and he builds up a communicative skill to which all knowledge and experience of language contributes. Thus a person can easily achieve effective communication with different people understanding different languages. This language policy fosters the capacity to coexist. The pluricultural education enables th e citizens to accept differences between different cultures, establish constructive relations with others, solve conflicts by nonviolent means, take on responsibilities, participate in decision-making and use mechanisms to protect people's rights. Since language is the most important social and cultural mark of identity, the education for plurilingualism and pluriculturalism promotes tolerance of other's viewpoint and remove the obstacles that hinder people's active participation in an increasingly globalized world. The knowledge and use of other languages other than one's mother tongue can be our safeguard in the fight

Role of Remittances in Financial Market Development in The Countries Thesis Proposal

Role of Remittances in Financial Market Development in The Countries of The Gulf Cooperation Council - Thesis Proposal Example ess has been undertaken by the GCC countries and whether consistent and increased remittances outflow from these countries effectively contribute towards the financial development of the region. More specifically, this research aims to achieve following objectives: 1. To evaluate the overall process of financial market development in the GCC region. 2. Dependence of financial market development process on oil & other resources 3. Dependence of financial market development on the remittances. 4. How remittances can improve the financial development process within the region. The overall objective therefore is to comprehensively understand the process of financial market development, how oil resources are supporting it and what role remittances can play to strengthen and quicken the process of financial development within the region. This research study will also undertake a systematic historical review of the financial market development process also. Literature Review This literature review is divided into three parts i.e. first part will discuss the relationship between financial markets and economic growth, second part will explore the relationships between financial market development and remittances and finally a review of financial market development process in GCC will be discussed. Most of the existing literature on the topic is focused upon understanding the impact of remittances on the recipient countries however; very little emphasis has been placed on the impact on the host countries. Though literature have comprehensively covered the impact of immigrants on the host countries macroeconomic environment however, how the immigrant remittances are going to affect the macro-economy as well as financial market development still need to be explored in systematic... This research will focus upon exploring and understanding the link between remittances and financial market development in GCC region. Research studies suggest that the remittances can have an impact on the development of financial markets of host countries. Specifically, remittances can result into increase in competitiveness as well as reduction in the transaction costs for the consumers. By assisting institutions to become competitive by facilitating remitters through innovative product design and low costs, financial institutions can actually improve their own efficiency and develop in more sophisticated manner. With the introduction of technology, cost of sending remittances has reduced thus providing incentives to the remitters to use formal channels for the purpose of remitting money. GCC region is an oil rich region and its financial market development is necessary for its development and growth in long run. It is making development towards strengthening its financial markets by implementing common currency, monetary union as well as integration of its stock exchanges. Recently, remittances have formed one of the significant portions of the international capital flows. Financial liberalization has resulted into better capital flows with expat easily sending funds to their home countries. It is critical to understand that for developing countries especially remittances form a significant part of the international capital flows and is also one of the most important sources of foreign exchange for developing countries.

Home And Home Office Computers Essay Example for Free

Home And Home Office Computers Essay International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) deals with computer technology, offering both products and consulting services. It offers a range of hardware and software products. It also offers infrastructure services. IBM is a high performance organization and this is very evident from its operation and performance. IBM is a multinational corporation with its headquarters at Armonk, New York but spreading to all parts of the world. It is the largest computer company and the most profitable. It have 370, 000 employees in different parts of the world representing the largest information technology employer. IBM controls a big share of its market and has expanded to many parts of the world. These factors show that IBM is one of the high performance organizations of the world. The results of IBM show clearly its leadership role in the computer technology sector. Its operations of the recent past have produced results that show its high performance and its ability to continue performing well. The financial report for the year ended December 31 2006, posted in the company’s website (http://www. ibm. com/investor/financials/index. phtml), showed that the company had a net income of $9,492 million as compared to $7,934 million the previous years. There was growth in total revenue from $91,134 million in 2005 to $91,424 million in 2006. The earnings per share for the year 2006 were $6. 11 compared with $4. 87 the previous year. Using revenue, net income and the earnings per share as the performance indicators we can clearly see that IBM posted very good results and indicated growth. IBM has been expanding its operation to all parts of the world. IBM provides technology solutions to businesses, organization to all parts of the world with an aim of helping the users to achieve increased productivity and success. The company’s values of â€Å"dedication to every client’s success, Innovation that matters-for our company and for the world and trust and personal responsibility in all relationships† (http://www. ibm. com/investor/corpgovernance/cgbcg. phtml) have enabled the company to establish relationship all over the world thus resulting to gaining of a big share of the market. IBM is the largest computer company and the most profitable. Thus using the market share as the performance indicator we see that IBM is a high performance company. Besides that IBM have in the recent past made many notable acquisition meaning it’s aimed at growing. IBM is very concerned with the satisfaction of its customers. IBM uses tools, processes, procedures and mechanisms of generating feedback aimed at making sure the customer is satisfied. The company monitors and responds to problems of customer so as to achieve customer satisfaction. It also provides expertise assistance all the time to its customers. According to CRM today website (http://www. crm2day. com/news. crm/EpZuVZFUZaMbMinnv. php) a research carried out by Technology Business Research Inc showed that IBM had topped its competitors in customer satisfaction. This was attributed to the IBM’s PC Hardware quality and reliability. On March 2007 IBM was awarded the Genesys Gold Certification. This was for IBM’s expertise, innovation and customer satisfaction (Http://www. genesyslab. com/news. archives/2007/march/ibm-gold-certication. asp IBM values its employees and puts efforts to see that their employees are treated well. IBM does not discriminate employees on any ground be it physical attributes or genetics. IBM has been helped by its employees to become a high performance organization. Through good human resource management the company allows its employees from all over the world to participate in core decision making. IBM involved its employees in the formulation of the company’s values in 2003. The company has also facilitated discussion among its employees on key business issues. This has helped the company to brainstorm on new ideas that have contributed to improvement of the performance of the company. IBM also involved its employees in brainstorming on innovation ideas. All these efforts were aiming at involvement of the employees on the key issues affecting IBM operations. This issues ranging from employee relationship as expressed in the company values to various practices in the company and innovation (http://www. research. ibm. com/journal/sj/404/gongla. html). IBM’s good treatment of its employees has led to great benefits to the companies. Employees are more dedicated to the values of the company and to offering quality services to the customers. These have led to more satisfied customers translating to good sales. Good human resource management has led to great benefit to the company through innovation of the employees hence leading to more productivity and innovation. The human resources best practices by IBM include involvement of the employees in key issues affecting the company. The employees were involved in the formulation and rewriting of the company values. In this all the employees from all parts of the world contributed their ideas and were summarized to produce the three care values of IBM Corporation. IBM also involved its employees in contributing ideas on practices that can bring success to the company. Another best practice is good treatment of the employees. IBM do not discriminate any employee on any ground and offers employment to all. These practices have contributed much to making IBM one of the High performance corporations. Reference: CRM Today. IBM Tops Competitors in Customer Satisfaction. Retrieved on February 06, 2008from http://www. crm2day. com/news/crm/EplZuVZFuVaMbBlnnv. php GENESYS. IBM Awarded Genesys Gold Certification for Expertise, innovation and customer satisfaction. Retrieved on February 06, 2008from http://www. genesyslab. com/news/archives/2007/march/ibm_gold_certification. asp Gongla P. and Rizzuto C. R. Evolving communities of practice: IBM Global Services experience. IBM Systems Journal. Retrieved on February 06, 2008from http://www. research. ibm. com/journal/sj/404/gongla. html IBM. Financial Information. Retrieved on February 06, 2008 from http://www. ibm. com/investor/financials/index. phtml IBM. Corporate governance. Retrieved on February 06, 2008 from http://www. ibm. com/investor/corpgovernance/cgbcg. phtml)

Violence Against Women Act :: essays research papers

The Violence Against Women Act creates a right to be "free from crimes of violence" that are gender motivated. It also gives a private civil right of action to the victims of these crimes. The Senate report attached to the act states that "Gender based crimes and fear of gender based crimes...reduces employment opportunities and consumer spending affecting interstate commerce." Sara Benenson has been abused by her husband, Andrew Benenson, since 1978. Because of this abuse, she sued her husband under various tort claims and violations under the Violence Against Women Act. Now Mr. Benenson is protesting the constitutionality of this act claiming that Congress has no right to pass a law that legislates for the common welfare. However, Congress has a clear Constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce. This act is based solely on interstate commerce and is therefore Constitutional. Because of abuse, Sara Benenson was afraid to get a job because it would anger her husband. She was afraid to go back to school and she was afraid to go shopping or spend any money on her own. All three of these things clearly interfere and affect interstate commerce. Women like Mrs. Benenson are the reason the act was passed. There has been a long history of judgements in favor of Congress's power to legislate using the commerce clause as a justification. For the past fifty years, Congress's right to interpret the commerce clause has been unchallenged by the Court with few exceptions. There is no rational reason for this court to go against the powerful precedents set by the Supreme court to allow Congress to use the Commerce clause. In the case of Katzenbach v. McClung, the Court upheld an act of Congress which was based on the commerce clause, that prohibited segregation. McClung, the owner of a barbeque that would not allow blacks to eat inside the restaurant, claimed that his business was completely intrastate. He stated that his business had little or no out of state business and was therefore not subject to the act passed by Congress because it could not legislate intrastate commerce. The Court however, decided that because the restaurant received some of it's food from out of state that it was involved in interstate commerce. The same logic should be applied in this case. Even though Sara Benenson's inability to work might not seem to affect interstate commerce, it will in some way as with McClung, thus making the act constitutional. The Supreme Court had decided that any connection with interstate commerce,as long as it has a rational basis, makes it possible for Congress to legislate it.

Martin Luther King speech Essay

I think Martin Luther King’s speech make the strongest argument when Martin Luther King once said, â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.† This saying rang towards the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to the eager, listening ears of people who wanted reform. August 28, 1963, marked the day when Martin Luther King Jr. had changed more than just Washington. More than America. He had envisioned a life where everyone would be considered equal, and everyone would prosper. He had begun to change the world. This historic event took place 48 years ago, and many alterations in society have occurred since then. If Martin Luther King Jr. had never been born, however, racism and segregation would still exist and even burgeon. Martin Luther King Jr. was the exemplar for civil rights, the paragon of justice. Without him, life would be malevolent for me, an Indian from the hot, arid land where the Ganges runs free and nature is all-abundant. There would be no variety in America. The majority would constantly rule over the minority and tensions would erupt. Martin Luther King Jr. gave the minority a voice of reason and hope. When King spoke, he reached people’s hearts and minds at the same time. He dug down deep into issues of racial discrimination and presented alternatives of love and equality. Racists struck down his ideas, but others were moved and worked to better society as he wished. King was a loving man, one that wished people would listen and follow him but he did not force them. If Martin Luther King had never been born we would have never been able to, as a nation, act as a role model to help these countries on their quest to become industrialized nations. America would become full of arrogance, and we would not participate in national affairs with an open mind. The Declaration of Independence, a document which we hold in our hearts so fervently, summarizes Martin Luther’s King’s purpose in life: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.† Today, all men are indeed created equal, but would that have been recognized without this man who went against the norms of society and rose in the ranks

The American Dream Reasearch Paper

Zac Duncan Mrs. Hill English 6th February 3, 2013 Many people believe the American Dream today has faded. It is no longer achieved as often as in the past. Although obtaining the Dream has become difficult, people still haven’t stopped pursuing it. Despite the obstacles, the American Dream is still full of hope and enlightenment both financially and emotionally. The American Dream is known for its positive connotation, but there are many obstacles surrounding it. According to, â€Å"Obstacles to the American Dream†, by Eddy Isango, the Dream is toughest for immigrants.Many immigrants have problems learning the English language. When they arrive it is as if they have to start all over. Immigrants also don’t receive state benefits such as health care and food stamps. They have to find jobs that provide these for them, which is tough with the lack of job opportunity and rising cost of living in America. Financial obstacles of the American Dream can be overcome. Riev a Lesonsky encourages people to get over these hills by saying, â€Å"Acknowledge the hard times† (Lesonsky 1). People believe the Dream is changing. â€Å"Today, they say, the ‘dream’ is more likely about making money†, (Lesonsky 1).People have moved towards opening small businesses to achieve their financial dreams. These businesses, over time, increase the revenue of the people. The American Dream is still filling the emotional needs of people. Jeremy Pratt has dealt with a learning disability his whole life, but doesn’t let this stop him from achieving his dream as he says: ‘I’ve always had to work a bit harder than my friends without disabilities,’ says the 28-year-old. ‘But I finally feel like I’m on the way to having what everyone dreams of. ’ Pratt’s diligence in saving money is paying off; he plans to start house hunting as early as 2013. Blatt 1) Jeremy is achieving his life-long goal of buyin g a house filled with his art. He fought through his disability and obtained what he wanted. The American Dream still has appeal to Americans today. People still strive for a better life for themselves and their families. The freedoms of America allow for people to obtain their financial and emotional dreams that they have longed for. Works Cited Blatt, Burton, Jeremy Pratt. Achieving the American Dream. February 5, 2013 Isango, Eddy. Obstacles to the American Dream. February 3, 2013 Lesonsky, Rieva. The American Dream is Alive and Well-and Transformed. February 3,2013

Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart The WritePass Journal

Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart CHAPTER ONE Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTIONAnatomy of the HeartGross Anatomy of the heart1.2 THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART1.2.1 The Right Atrium 1.2.2 THE RIGHT VENTRICLE 1.2.3 THE LEFT ATRIUM 1.2.4 THE LEFT VENTRICLE1.3 EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE HEART 1.3.1 ANTERIOR ASPECT1.3.2 LEFT SIDED ASPECT 1.3.3 POSTERIOR ASPECT 1.3.4 Right Side Aspect1.4 THE HEART WALL1.4.2 THE MYOCARDIUM1.4.3 THE ENDOCARDIUM1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYCHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 SUBJECTS3.2 SAMPLE SELECTION 3.3 MEASUREMENTCHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION5.2 CONCLUSION5.3 RECOMMENDATIONREFERENCESRelated CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Cardiothoracic ratio is the maximum transverse diameter of the heart divided by the greatest internal diameter of the thoracic cage (from inside of rib to inside to rib).   (Herring, 2003). In normal people, the cardiothoracic ratio is usually less than 50% but, in black people up to 55% may still be normal (Sutton 1988). Therefore the cardiothoracic ratio is a handy way of separating most normal heart from most abnormal heart. (Herring, 2003). A heart can be greater than 50% of the cardiothoracic ratio and still be a normal heart (Herring, 2003). This can occur   if there is an ultra cardiac cause of cardiac enlargement which include; 1. Pectus excavatum deformity 2. Straight back syndrome 3. Inability to take deep breath because of obesity, pregnancy etc. (Herring 2003). The ratio may also increase in elderly. This may be to an in folding of ribs, reducing the thoracic component of the ratio (Sutton 1985). The transverse diameter of the heart can be measured directly on a radiograph at 1.83m (6ft) upper limit of 16cm for men and 15cm for women are usual (Sutton 1985). The advantage of a single measurement of that it can be held to be compared in serial films. At difference of 2cm is held to be a significant change. This applies only when the heart is originally normal (Sutton 1985). Normally, the third of the cardiac shadow lies to the left of the midline and one-third to the right (Berry 2003). In normal individual, the transverse diameter of the heart on PA film is usually in the range of 11.5cm to 15.5cm. it lies less than 11.5cm in about 5% of people and only rarely exceeds 15cm (Benny 2003). The maximum transverse diameters of the cardiac shadow at the chest radiograph film consist mainly of the diameters of the left ventricle and right atrium as shown by radiograph (Hada, 1995). The ratio is influenced by many factors, not only left ventricular dilatation or hypertrophy but also dilatation of the other cardiac chambers and aorta, rotation and shift of the heart, respiratory phase, body posture and measurement errors (Hada, 1995). Anatomy of the Heart Development of the Heart The development of the heart begins in the middle of the third week from the cardiac progenitor cells in the epiblast, immediately lateral to the primitive streak. Cells destined to form cranial segment of the heart, the outflow tract migrate first and cells forming more caudal portion, right ventricle, left ventricle and sinus venosus respectively migrate in sequential order. Series of developmental processes later leads to formation of a horse-shoe shaped endothelial lined tube surrounded by myoblasts in the cardiogenic field. In addition to cardiogenic region, other clusters of angiogenic cells appear bilaterally, parallel and close to the midline of the embryonic shield. These  Ã‚   clusters acquire a lumen and form a pair of longitudinal vessel called dorsal aorta. These vessels later gained connections via the aortic arches with the horseshoe shaped region that form the heart tube. As the embryo folds cephalocaudally, it also folds laterally and as a result, the caudal regions of the paired cardiac primordial merge their caudal most ends. Simultaneously, the crescent part of the horse- shoe shaped area expands to form the future outflow tract and ventricular regions. Thus, the heart becomes a continuous expanded tube consisting of an inner endothelial lining an outer myocardial layer. The heart at this stage consist of three layers (a) Endocardium – forming the inner endothelial lining of the heart. (b) Myocardium- forming the muscular wall (c) Epicardium or Visceral pericardium- covering the outside of the tube. Various parts of the heart later develop from the fused heart tube. (Sadler T. W 2000). Gross Anatomy of the heart The normal heart lies within the pericardial sac in the middle of the thorax slightly to the left of the middle (Sokolow 1979). The low pressure right atrium and right ventricle occupy the anterior portion of the heart and the higher pressure left ventricle and atrium his posteriorly (Sokolow 1977). The long axis of the heart from the apex of the left ventricle to the root of the aorta runs upwards and backward at an angle of about 300 from the horizontal plane and 450 from the sagital plane of the body (Sokolow 1977). The resisting and position of the heart vary with the build of the patient and with respiration. It assumes a more vertical position during inspiration in tall thin persons and more horizontal position during respiration in persons with heavier body build. (Sokolow1977). 1.2 THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART The heart consists of four (4) chambers; that is the right and left atria and the right and left ventricle. 1.2.1 The Right Atrium The right atrium consists of two (2) embryological portions. (Malcolm 1977). The most posterior thin walled portion into which the vena cava and coronary sinus empty in from form the sinus venosus and is compose of similar tissues to that of the great vein. (Malcolm 1977). The more anterior muscular portion includes the right arterial appendage and the tricuspid valve ring (Malcolm 1977) The fossa ovalies lies in the site of the foramen ovale (Malcolm 1977). This inter-atrial communication within which is present during fetal life permits the flow of oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava into the heart (Malcolm 1977). The patent foramen Ovale remain open or potentially open in about 15% of normal subjects (Malcolm 1977) but since it is a flap value which only allows flow right or left, it is normally functionally closed (Malcolm 1977). 1.2.2 THE RIGHT VENTRICLE The right ventricle is triangular in shape and forms a cresentric, shallow structure wrapped over the ventricular septum (Malcolm 1977), it can divided into a lower inflow portion containing the tricuspid valve   and upper outflow tract from which pulmonary trunk arises. (Malcolm 1977). The line of demarcation between the two portions consists of bands of muscles formed by the cristasupra ventricularis (Malcolm 1977). The outflow tract of the right ventricles is derived from the embryologically distinct bulbus cordis in contrast to the inflow portion which arises from ventricular tissues (Malcolm 1977). 1.2.3 THE LEFT ATRIUM The left atrium like the right is composed of a vein like portion which the pulmonary vein drains and make muscular anterior portion which includes the left atrial appendage (Malcolm 1977). Its wall is slightly thicker than that of the right atrium and the inner area corresponding to the fossa ovale can be seen on its right upper surface (Malcolm 1977). 1.2.4 THE LEFT VENTRICLE The left ventricular cavity is shaped like an egg. The base or the egg is formed by the mitral valve ring. The wall of the left ventricle accounts for about 75% of the mass of the heart. The aorta and mitral ring lies close to one another with the layer anterior mole cusp of mitral valve adjacent to the left and posterior cusp of the aortic valve (Malcolm 1977). The posterior immobile cusp of the mitral valve is shorter and together with the anterior cusp is lethered to the anterior and posterior papillary muscles in a parachute like shared by the two (2) cusps (Malcolm 1977). The interventricular septum which forms the outright anterior aspect of the left ventricle bulges into the right ventricle making the cross section of the mid portion of the left ventricle circular shape (Malcolm 1977). 1.3 EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE HEART 1.3.1 ANTERIOR ASPECT As viewing anteriorly, the longest area of the surface of the heart is formed by the triangular shaped right ventricle with the pulmonary trunk arising from the apex of the triangle   above and to the right of the right ventricle, one can see right atrium appendages as an ear shape structure overlying the root of the aorta (Sokolow 1997). The grove between the right atrium and ventricle (Coronary sulcus) is often filled with fat and is occupied by the right coronary artery. Above the right atrium, the superior vena cava is seen entering the right atrium from the back . The anterior aspect of the heart reveals only a small part of the left ventricle lying to the left of the right ventricle and forming the apex of the heart (Sokolow 1977). The anterior interventricular sulcus often contains fat and is occupied by the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (Sokolow 1977). The only portion of the left atrium visible from the front is the left atrial appendages, which lies side of the origin of the pulmonary trunk. The lungs normally covers most of the anterior surface of the heart especially during inspiration having only a small area opposed to the back of the sternum and left ribs (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.2 LEFT SIDED ASPECT When viewed from the left side, the ventricle and the left atrium occupy most of the surface of the heart (Sokolow 1977). The posterior interventricular groove separates the left ventricle above from the right ventricle below. The posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery lies in the groove. The anterior ventricular groove runs almost vertically in the view separating the left ventricle from the left atrium (Sokolow 1977). The coronary sinus and circumflex branch of the left coronary artery lies in the groove and complete the ring of blood vessels forming the bases of the corona (crown) after which the blood vessels supplying the heart are named (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.3 POSTERIOR ASPECT The back of the heart mainly on the diaphragm is largely occupied by the left atrium and ventricle plus portions of the right atrium and ventricle (Sokolow 1977). The point at which all four (4) chambers meet posteriorly as called the crux at the heart; because of the cross – shape pattern of the blood vessels lying at the function of the posterior interventricular groove and the anterior ventricular groove (Sokolow 1977). The vessels forming the crux are; the coronary sinus and the posterior descending coronary artery. This latter vessel may be a branch of either the right or the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery depending on whether the right or left coronary artery is largely (dominant) (Sokolow 1977). The pulmonary vein enter the back of the left atrium and the pattern may vary but the two right and the left pulmonary veins are normally present (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.4 Right Side Aspect When viewed from the right side, the right atrium and ventricle occupies most of the surface (Maurice 1977). The posterior and the anterior vena cava enter the atrium at the back and the aorta runs upward from the middle of the heart (Maurice 1977). The outflow tract of the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk form the upper border of the heart in this view (Maurice 1977). 1.4 THE HEART WALL The heart wall is composed of the three layers of tissue, namely the; epicardium, myocardium and endocardium (Stephen 1988). The epicardium and the visceral pericardium are two names for the same structure. The sinus pericardium is called epicardium when considered a part of the heart and the visceral pericardium when considered a part of the pericardium (Stephen 1988). 1.4.2 THE MYOCARDIUM This is the thick middle layer of the heart, which composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the ability of the heart to contract, (Stephen 1988). 1.4.3 THE ENDOCARDIUM This is the smooth inner surface of the heart chamber, which consist of the simple squamous epithelium over a layer or connective tissue (Stephen 1988). The smooth inner surface allows blood to move easily through the heart. The heart valves are formed by a fold as the endocardium, making a double layer of endocardium with connective tissue in between (Stephen 1988). 1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are To measure the heart diameter, thoracic diameter and cardiothoracic ratio of normal individual in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. To give the comparison between the heart diameter, thoracic diameter and cardiothoracic ratio between males and females. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW In 1919, Danzer undertook one of the earliest studies of the cardiothoracic ratio. After investigation nearly 500 patients without the aid of hemodynamic parameters, He determined that any measurement over 0.5 or 50% was suspicious and over 0.52or 52% was definitely pathological. A latter report by comeau and white in 1942 found that 15 to 25% of normal patient had a cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.5 or 50% and advised that using CT ratio prediction labels based upon six, image technique and phase of respiration. A significant relationship was found between the radial measurement and age, which differ within ethnic group groups. The median value of cardiothoracic ratio was 43% in Caucasians, 44% in Asian and 46% in Africans. (Ashcroft Maills’ and Mekol). Mekol concluded that a single upper limit (e.g. 50%) for cardiothoracic ratio is unsatisfactory. It all subject with values of cardiothoracic ratio greater than 50% in the present sample had been recalled for more dedicated cardio logical investigation; this would have affected 2.2% of Caucasians, 4.1% of Asians and 9.3% of Africans limit of 5.3% in Caucasians, 52% in Asian and 53% in Africans would include 2.2%, 2.4% and 2.6% of each subject of these racial groups. (Mekol1982). Murphy M.L. in 1985 took routine posterior and lateral chest radiograph in 268 patients and analyzed to determine heart size. The coronary artery of this determination was compared with a specific ventricular mass derived from a postmortem cardiac partition technique. The data indicated that in the majority of cases (greater than 70%) a normal sized heart or cardiomegaly can be correctly determined from the chest x – ray either by subjective arterial or chamber enlargement or management of the transverse diameter (Murphy M.L. 1985). A recent meta-analysis of 29 studies determined that cardiomegaly on the cardiothoracic ratio was the best reason for predicting a reduced ejection fraction, with a sensitivity and specificity of 51% and 79% respectively (Badgett 1996). Comeau in 1942 said that it is important to recognize compounding factors of cardiomegaly such as an epical fat, a transversely positional heart. An expiratory film or decrease in thoracic width. In 1987, Kabala used a computed Tomography model in eight patients to show how the heart diameter and cardiothoracic ratio might change between anterior-posterior chest radiograph taken on 103 patients without cardiac failure and 106 with cardiac failure. An upper limit of cardio thoracic ratio of 55% and of heart chamber or 165mm in males and 150mm in females was shown to practice useful discrimination between normal and abnormal heart size (Kabala 1987). The cardiothoracic ration thoracic ratio increased with age in both sex but females have longer cardiothoracic ratio than men. Portable films taken in the anterior-posterior and supine position enlarge the appearance of cardiac silhouette (Milne 1988). CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 SUBJECTS A retrospective study was carried out in the university of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Department of Radiology, and using normal chest radiograph of two hundred and ninety-one (291) patients. 3.2 SAMPLE SELECTION The sample includes the normal chest radiographs taken from 2007-2009. All chest radiographs with abnormal result were excluded from the study. The age, sex from the chest radiographs was obtained. Hypertensive subjects were excluded. 3.3 MEASUREMENT A straight line drawn near the rule meddled of the heart shadow. Another line as in â€Å"a† from the right heart border to order to the first line was drown. A third line was drown from the left heart co-order furthest from the in the middle of the heart shown as the â€Å"b†. The two were then added together, the cardiothoracic rube as the own of the line â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† divided by the largest transverse internal diameter of the thoracic cage as shown on the figure 3.1 below. Figure 3.1 measurement of the cardio thoracic ratio. Cardiac diameter=A=B are the maximum extensions of the heart to the left and right of the midline respectively. CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 DISCUSSION The cardiothoracic ratio of males and females in the various age groups will be determined in future study. The ratio increased with age in both sexes but was more marked in females than males. Oberman in 1967 reported that women have higher cardiothoracic ratio than males. Men had larger cardiac diameter than women. The higher cardiothoracic ratio in women was due to their smaller thoracic diameter. This report supports the present study. Edge in 1984 also reported that the increase in cardiothoracic ratio with age found particularly in women was mainly due to contraction of the thoracic diameter rather than an increase in the cardiac diameter. Decrease in the chest diameter with advancing age indicates that cardiothoracic ratio over estimates the heart size in the elderly. Nikol and Wade in 1982 attributed that Africans have larger cardiothoracic ratio because they have smaller thoracic diameter and larger cardiac diameter. It was also noted that environmental factors such as poor nutrition and infection may cause cardiac enlargement with resultant increase in cardiac diameter and cardiothoracic ratio. 5.2 CONCLUSION The higher cardiothoracic ratio in females may suggest the reason of their susceptibility to infections arising from the heart and this could be correlated to clinical data. 5.3 RECOMMENDATION I recommend that any research on cardiothoracic ratio is best with chest radiographs. Females should always keep good hygiene because of their susceptibility to infections because of their large cardiothoracic ratio. REFERENCES Ashcroft MT, Miall WE (1969) cardiothoracic ratio in two Jamaican Communities. AM. J Epidemoil 89: 161-167. Badgett, R.C. Mulrow, P. Otto and G. Ramirez (1996). How well can the chest radiograph diagnose left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of Internal Medicine 11:625-634(medline) Comeau W J, White PD(1942).A critical analysis of standard methods of estimating heart size from Roentgen measurements. A M. J Roentgenol 47:665-667 Covoan N R (1964) The heart lung coefficient and the transverse diameter of the heart. Br Heart Journal 26:116-120 Danzer, C. S (1919) The Cardio thoracic ratio A M. J medical sciences 15:512-513 David   Sutton   (1993) A text of radiography and imaging, normal chest Fifth edition, Great Britain by William Clowes Limited London. P 530 Edge J R, Milliard F C, Reid L, Simon G (1964) The radiographic appearance of the chest in persons of advanced age. Br Heart Journal 26:769-773 Hada Y (1995) Cardio thoracic ratio 26 (1) :51-54 Kabala J T, White P. (1987) The Measurement of the size in the antero-posterior chest radiograph Br journal of Radiology 60 (718) :981-986 Krish namoorthy D M. (2001)100% cardio thoracic ratio Tex heart inst. J.28 (4):334-335 Kono F Suwa M, Hanada H, Hirota Y, Kawanaura K. (1992) Clinical significance of normal cardiac silhouette in dilated cardiomyopathy , Evaluation based upon echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging . Japanese Journal 56:359-365 Manninen H, Reines J, Partenen K, Tynkkyen P, Mykkannen L, Laakso M, Soimakalio S, Pyorata K. (1991) Evaluation of heart size and pulmonary vasculature conventional chest image intensifier photofluorography Manorana Berry, sudha Suri, Veena chowdheny , Sina Mukhopadhyay (2003) normal thoracic anatomy on various imaging modalities, Diagnostic radiology chest and cardiovascular imaging second edition , Jaypee brothers medical publishers (P) Ltd. India P(1) 16 Maurice Sokolow (1997) Physiology of the circulatory system clinical cardiology first edition large medical publication carlifornia PP1-9 Milne E N C, K. Burnett, D. Autrichtig, J. Manillian, and T J Imray (1988) Assessment of cardiac size on portable chest films Journal of Thoracic Imaging 3:64-72 (medline) Murphy M.L, Blue L.R, Thennabadu   P N, Philps JR, Fenis EJ. (1998). The reliability of the routine chest roentgenograph for determination of heart size based specific ventricular chamber evaluation at post mortem investigation radiology 20(1) :21-25 Nikol K, Wade AJ. (1982). Radiiographic heart size and cardio thoracic ratio in three ethnic groups   basis for a simple screening test for cardiac enlargement in men . Br Journal of Radiology 55(654): 399-403 Oberman A, Mayer A.R, Karuna T.M, Epstein FH, 1967. Heart size of adults in a natural population Feamesh-Michigan circulation 34: 724-733 Philip Thorek. (1985). Anatomy in surgery, thorax. Third edition springer Newyork (PP327) Rod R Seetey, Trent D. Stephens, Philip Tate (1998) cardiovascular   system, Anatomy and Physiology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Newyork pp602-614 Seninge R.P and Lester R.G.   History of cardiac radiology. Unpublished report 1970. Sadler T. W 2000. Langman’s medical embryology 8th edition.

10 jobs with the highest divorce rates

10 jobs with the highest divorce rates We work because we have to, and also to make life better- jobs afford us the income we need to survive, in addition to hopefully offering some level of personal fulfillment. Unfortunately, work can also have negative consequences that spill over into our personal lives. One of the worst side effects of a job is when it interferes with marriages, and certain jobs are more likely to lead to divorce than others. The following 10 jobs have the highest divorce rates, and you may be surprised by some of the results. 1. Dancer/ChoreographerBelieve it or not, dancers and dance choreographers are the professionals most at risk for divorce. The intimacy of dancing often leads to extramarital affairs between co-workers.2. BartenderLess of a shock is that fact that a large number of married bartenders split up with their spouses. Just think about it: a workplace in which people gather to hook up + heavy doses of free-flowing alcohol = a recipe for disaster for some people.3. Massage TherapistWha t’s more intimate than swaying together on the dance floor or sharing a shot at the bar? Well, touching another person’s unclothed body comes to mind. That’s the job description of massage therapists, so it is unsurprising that their marriages tend to break up.4. Gaming Cage WorkerBeing a gaming cage worker involves conducting financial transactions at casinos. Casinos attract clientele who enjoy the edgy entertainments of gambling and drinking, and such people may be more likely to engage in the equally risky pursuit of infidelity. Gaming cage workers have the extra enticement of dealing directly with money, which is a major turn on for a lot of people.5. Extruding Machine OperatorsAn extruding machine operator works on an assembly line. One theory is that this repetitious, alienating, and highly unstable work causes a psychological disconnect in workers that can lead to divorce. It is also low-paying work performed by people with relatively little education, w hich can also be factors in unstable marriages.6. Gaming Service WorkerNow we return to the casino for another job that often spells trouble for marriages. Gaming service workers tend to get divorced for the same reasons as gaming cage workers. They are possibly slightly less at risk since gaming service workers are not actually involved in the exchange of money, though there is more direct contact with other people.7. Factory WorkerLike extruding machine operators, factory workers perform repetitive, low-paying work that does not require a higher education degree. Such people are likelier to get divorces than highly educated, financially stable individuals who get to perform more intellectually stimulating and personally fulfilling work.8. Switchboard OperatorSwitchboard operator may seem like a decidedly old-fashioned job, but these folks who direct our phone calls are still around in great enough number to register in divorce-rate censuses. The stress of switchboard work is a maj or factor in the high divorce rate of people who perform this rapidly disappearing job.9. Nurse/Health AideWorking as a nurse or health aide comes with the dual issues of being highly stressful and extremely intimate. The long hours involved in such work can put a major strain on a marriage, and the close contact between worker and patient can lead to infidelity.10. Entertainer/Performer/Pro AthleteYou may have expected entertainers and pro athletes to take the top spot on this list since no one receives more attention for getting divorced than entertainers and athletes. Of course, no one receives more attention for doing absolutely anything than entertainers and pro athletes. Nevertheless, these are jobs that involve spending weeks or months away from home and being on the receiving end of adulation from fans who often have more in mind than snagging an autograph.

Presumed Consent for Organ Donation Dissertation

Presumed Consent for Organ Donation - Dissertation Example Presumed Consent for Organ Donation The treatment of the dead body has enormous implications, not only for religious and spiritual reasons but also for non-religious and cultural reasons. Organ donation may be considered as one of the final acts of the individual who intends to part with his or her organs or tissue for the wellbeing of another person or for medical use. It basically depends on the decision regarding how the individual desires to live his or her life and to be remembered after his or her death (Inquiry into the EU Commission’s Communication on Organ Donation and Transplantation: Policy Action at EU Level 2008). Organ donation is also an ethical decision since it is intended to benefit the recipients of organs by way of transplantation. It is also a decision that may influence those whom the deceased leaves behind. Similarly, in cases where death occurs suddenly, in the absence of an explicit decision from the deceased, â€Å"the feelings of the bereaved family are very important†. The dile mma for many occurs when body parts are being cremated or buried. This contributes to an increase in the complications relating to ethical issues, apart from logistical problems. There can be inconsistencies in what people say they would do because their opinions and beliefs are subject to change according to the situation. Evidence suggests that â€Å"90% of the population supports the concept of organ donation – and what they actually do, i.e. they do not carry donor cards, and only 23% have registered their wish to donate†.... Families of the dead usually decline donation because they are not fully aware of the deceased person’s wishes . On the other hand, if the deceased had explicitly expressed a desire to donate organs, the relatives would do their best to fulfil the wishes of the dead person. Authorizing presumed consent is obtaining an absolute apathy of the founding ethical principles, or respect for autonomy, which is one of the four major principles of medical ethics. Spiritual and ethical education can be used to discover ethical rules in the relationship of motivation and actual behaviour. The divergence between individual rights and the advantage to society or to others as a group and apprehensions regarding the nature of physical reliability are at the core of the discussion. Importance of Obtaining Presuming Consent: As per the ethical view of the universe, there is an agreement that organs may be retrieved if there is a legitimate consent. Numerous legal approaches currently in vogue r elate to this. Presumed consent permits the organs to be used for the purpose of transplantation after death, except where the individual has objected to such donations. On the other hand, an informed consent system specifies that the individual must explicitly approve organ removal after death, by joining a national registry, carrying a donor card or any such document (Gill 2004). In the United Kingdom, the focus is on flexible choice, where the approval or assent of the family of the deceased is still necessary before harvesting the organ. If the deceased has not expressed any objection, organs will automatically become obtainable, if the relatives do not object to their removal. The general belief is that this will increase the possibility of obtaining organs as

Job analysis & job evaluation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Job analysis & job evaluation - Term Paper Example The globe nowadays is growing at a rampant rate and has come under development and expansion in every field of life whether it is social,economic,environmental,or political. The advancement in technologies has left an indelible imprint on the world of commerce where competition has become the significant aspect for all the businesses and corporations The trends of the recent years also portray that companies are confronting challenges at an unprecedented rate and in order to stay in the market and generate profits, they need to work in an effective and efficient manner. A corporation comprises of many internal departments or divisions such as finance, human resource, sales, marketing and many more on which the company’s structure rests. The department that is of prime importance for any organization is its human resource division, which focuses on employee management. The human resource management arena includes several procedures, methods, practices, and courses of actions th at come under the basis of rules, regulations, and policies of the department (Aswathappa, 2005). The data or the information related to â€Å"job duties, responsibilities, tasks, environment, and essential and required skills and abilities that are in need to perform the job comes under identification and determination by the HR personnel† (Aswathappa, 2005). ... Whereas, looking at the other end of the spectrum, job evaluation is the process that assesses the value and worth of the position or job in the employment industry, than an organization creates. Job description is the elementary and fundamental aspect for the evaluation of a job. As an outcome of job evaluation, the salary structure comes under assignment to the employee. The job evaluation focuses and aims to provide people with a fair, unbiased, and impartial ground for all the jobs. One of the prime chores of job evaluation is to set up and develop hierarchy and structure in the organization, based on job requirements and specifications. Pay structure’s foundation lays on job structure. Through internal consistency in job structures, HR personnel are able to identify and distinguish the discrepancies in job characteristics as job descriptions are the basis of it (Aswathappa, 2005). Compensation is another element of an HR function. Compensation is the worth of the work car ried out that, an employee gets in return, not only in the form of monetary reward but also in the form of financial returns, substantial services, and other employment relationship benefits. While establishing a compensation strategy HR personnel evaluates the association of compensation to the business strategies, external environment and internal HR circumstances and based on it they formulate the strategic compensation positions. In addition, the HR personnel analyze the gaps by making a comparison between objectives and the actual strategic positions. Once the HR personnel identify the gap, they then design compensation programs in order to overcome those gaps, and pursue it. The HR subdivision of the company develops the compensation programs that must maximum comply with